Ethics of Biobanks

Ethics of Biobanks Biobank is a large collection of biological information and tissue samples kept for research purposes. It is also a powerful tool used in the study of diseases. It is an important resource in supporting different types of contemporary research such as personalised drug and genomics. Biobank enable scientist to have cross purpose research studies in which data derived from samples in biobanks can be used for multiple researches. E.g. Biobanks can enable scientist identify disease biomarkers by using large collections of samples which represent hundreds of thousands of people. Its been shown that before biobanks was invented little or known was known about different disease and biomarkers and scientist struggled to find enough samples to know what sort of disease they are dealing with. Although its not all good news for the use of Biobanks due to research ethics and medical ethics. This issues were raised because of PRIVACY whereby operating biobanks without the knowledge of governing bodies and policies could be bad for the societies that take part in Biobank programs There are types of biobanks, Tissue banks and Virtual biobanks and population banks, before I explain the types Im going to explain a lot more about biobanks Biobanks incorporate cryogenic storage facilities for samples in which it can be an individual refrigerator or a big warehouse refrigerator. They are kept up to standard by the hospital, pharmaceutical companies and universities etc. Disease oriented biobanks may be classed by design and purpose because this biobanks collect information or samples representing different forms of diseases in which it can be used to also find a biomarker associated with a specific disease. Population based biobanks are big biobanks that collect large samples from large numbers of people in a community. This is done to look for biomarkers for disease in a general population. Tissue Banks- Store and harvest human tissue for transplantation, stem cell and researches based on tissue and cells Virtual biobanks samples are collected and termed to meet national regulations and integrate epidemiological cohorts Population banks they store organic material associated with clinical, lifestyle and environmental data. Biobank ethics There are many roles which comes into effect when researchers wants to collect a human specimen for research and storing it. The issues that comes into effect are the right of the participants to be private, ownership of the specimen and where the data is derived from. Also how far the donor can consent to the research study should be considered and to which extent the donor can far in sharing research results. The main issue is that biobanks collect sample and data for different future research and it is not easy to get a specific consent for any single research. Biobank controversies[1] issue consensus controversy notes Commercialization Different aspects of biobanks serve public, private, commercial, and non-commercial interests. How can policymakers set guidelines to fairly balance public, private, commercial, and non-commercial interests? Who owns biological specimens and data derived therefrom? When biobanks and related projects are publicly funded, the result will benefit private industry. To what extent is this outcome satisfactory? (Social Fairness). It may also undermine public trust in biobanks projects. It may skew research agenda in favour of research projects which are more profitable and compromise necessary but not profitable research. discrimination, including Genetic discrimination Biobanks should prevent donor communities from facing discrimination as a result of participating in a Biobank project Research reveals private information and release of it may cause participants to face discrimination. What responsibility does the Biobank have to mitigate the problem? Participants may reveal their own information because of participation in a Biobank and subsequently face discrimination. What responsibility does the Biobank have to mitigate the problem? informed consent Donors to biobanks need a consent process adjusted specifically to biobanks. What breadth of consent should biobanks have? [2] Institutional review board It would be nice to have a robust governance system before biobanks are created. How will a good governance system be designed? The oversight institution reviewing biobanks should be independent of the Biobank. Where should checks and balances be? An individual organization needs multinational support to do international research. Who should govern when research spans different countries with different legal and personal rights standards? Privacy for research participants Donors should have their specimens sufficiently anonymised. A specimen by nature includes some data about donors how much anonym zing is sufficient? [3][4] Donors have some right to return of results. How does one return results to anonymised donors? [3][5] Donors have a right to withdraw from research. Specimens can be destroyed, but to what extent should anonymised data which has already been shared be withdrawn? [5] Data derived from specimens should be shared. Who gets access and how much? [3] Changing technology makes it difficult for researchers to say how safe participant information is. What protections can be promised? [6] Return of results Donors have a right to know the purpose of a Biobank and what results it generates When should all donors share general information and when does each donor have a personal right to personal information? Public consultation Everyone wants the researchers and community to work together. What resources should be spent doing outreach, and how much involvement does the community want, and what role should the community have? Communities should participate in writing laws, standards, and policies for research. How can communities be encouraged to participate, who represents the community, and how much involvement should there be? Patients should be involved when there is research on diseases. When people are desperate because of a disease, to what extent can they participate fairly without feeling obligation to support research? Communities which donate specimens to a Biobank should have special involvement in their Biobank. What kind of involvement? Resource sharing Research efficiency increases greatly when resources are shared. How should beneficiaries share costs? This is especially problematic when a Biobank is a national resource and another country wants access to it. Results of studies should go to the widest possible audience. When should this happen and in what way? Can results be released with commercial licensing for use?

Copyright Laws :: essays papers

Copyright Laws CHAPTER 1 Lennie and George are two friends during the depression. Lennie is a big guy that is not very intelligent. George is a medium size man that takes care of all the business. In the first chapter George and Lennie talk about getting a new job at a ranch. They want to save enough money to build their own ranch and â€Å"Live off tha fatt a the land.† They explain that they will have bunnies, alfalfa, and other goods to sell. CHAPTER 2 George and Lennie get the new job in chapter two. They meet the people they will be working with. Candy is an old man that has a dog. Slim is a respected man. Curley is the boss’s son who is small and used to box. Curley is also a jealous man who has a wife. Curley’s wife is known as a tart. She talks to all of the guys even when she shouldn’t. Crooks is a black man, the stable buck who isn’t aloud to be by the white people much. This chapter is mainly about George and Lennie meeting all of the new co-workers. CHAPTER 3 All of the guys on the ranch think Candy should get rid of his dog. The dog is old, stinky, and can’t even walk or eat. Slim tells Candy that the dog should be shot for his own good. Slim shoots the dog. Curley and Lennie get into a fight. Lennie doesn’t really understand why. Curly wants to fight. Curley is a jealous man and hates the fact that Lennie is bigger than him. Lennie blocks a punch from Curley and broke his hand. Lennie also got a new puppy in chapter three. Lennie spends as much time as he can with his new dog. CHAPTER 4 All of the men went to the whore house except for Lennie, Crooks, and Candy. When Lennie went to check on his puppy, he decided to talk to Crooks in his room. Crooks’ room was part of the stable. There were shoes, hay, horse reins, and horse shoes everywhere. Crooks didn’t really want Lennie to come inside, but he thought some company was better than none. Curley’s wife came to see what was up. Crooks told her to leave. Curley’s wife was mean and told Crooks that she would have him hung if he wasn’t nice to her. Copyright Laws :: essays papers Copyright Laws CHAPTER 1 Lennie and George are two friends during the depression. Lennie is a big guy that is not very intelligent. George is a medium size man that takes care of all the business. In the first chapter George and Lennie talk about getting a new job at a ranch. They want to save enough money to build their own ranch and â€Å"Live off tha fatt a the land.† They explain that they will have bunnies, alfalfa, and other goods to sell. CHAPTER 2 George and Lennie get the new job in chapter two. They meet the people they will be working with. Candy is an old man that has a dog. Slim is a respected man. Curley is the boss’s son who is small and used to box. Curley is also a jealous man who has a wife. Curley’s wife is known as a tart. She talks to all of the guys even when she shouldn’t. Crooks is a black man, the stable buck who isn’t aloud to be by the white people much. This chapter is mainly about George and Lennie meeting all of the new co-workers. CHAPTER 3 All of the guys on the ranch think Candy should get rid of his dog. The dog is old, stinky, and can’t even walk or eat. Slim tells Candy that the dog should be shot for his own good. Slim shoots the dog. Curley and Lennie get into a fight. Lennie doesn’t really understand why. Curly wants to fight. Curley is a jealous man and hates the fact that Lennie is bigger than him. Lennie blocks a punch from Curley and broke his hand. Lennie also got a new puppy in chapter three. Lennie spends as much time as he can with his new dog. CHAPTER 4 All of the men went to the whore house except for Lennie, Crooks, and Candy. When Lennie went to check on his puppy, he decided to talk to Crooks in his room. Crooks’ room was part of the stable. There were shoes, hay, horse reins, and horse shoes everywhere. Crooks didn’t really want Lennie to come inside, but he thought some company was better than none. Curley’s wife came to see what was up. Crooks told her to leave. Curley’s wife was mean and told Crooks that she would have him hung if he wasn’t nice to her.

Engendering violence Essay

Violence could occur in various ways and in different levels. It may happen in the form of physical, sexual, verbal and psychological abuse, and could be inflicted by any individual, groups, institutions or nations. Whatever form of violence is inflicted, it could threaten the body of the violated person in the most complex way (Jarvis, â€Å"world of the body†). The society today is not new with the issue of violence. Every now and then, the media is consistently reporting events that are inhumane. Although violence could occur among different people, it has been well identified that the prevailing cases of violence are those that are gendered-based. Before one could fully identify gender-based violence, it is an imperative to clarify various definitions that are centered to the area being studied. It should be well understood that the usage of the words gender and sex are needed to be given identification in order to fully understand gender-based violence. In many cases the words gender and sex are used alternately; however there is a distinction between the two words. Sex is often referred to as the differences in the physical aspects of males and females while gender is known to be the roles of the males and females that are socially-prescribed. Such gender roles are acquired through the process of socialization (Ward, 2002 qtd in Benjamin and Murchinson 3). While the physical differences between male and female is persistently identified to be something that is easily distinguished and could be possessed in common, the gender roles are wide range and could be found in different aspects of an individual’s life and may apply in various aspects such as access to various resources, responsibilities that are public and private or even during the period of courtship. Although gender roles could be altered in the long run, it should be well understood that these gender roles reflect the position of men, women and children in the society (Benjamin and Murchinson 3-4). Based from these roles, gender-based violence could be identified as a form of violence that is done to an individual in accordance to the role he or she played within the society. Although such violence could also be directed among men, gender-based violence is prevalent among women and girls. The violence inflicted to females intends to empower hierarchies and strengthen gender inequalities (Benjamin and Murchinson 4). The term gender-based violence is now taking a new context where in it tends to examine and deeply understand the violence against women and discusses the role of gender in inflicting the violence. The power of gender relations always place women in a more disadvantaged position compared to their male counterparts. Gender-based violence place women at a level where they have less access to resources, information, decision making, benefits and have lesser hold on their rights. Aside from these, gender-based violence are also closely related to violence against women and girls because of the involvement of the idea that women are the subordinate gender in the society (UNIFEM 2-3). In various nations, women and girls are victims of myriads of forms of violence. Most of the cases of violence were not done randomly. The victims became the targets of the perpetrators because of the reason that they are females. Among the many forms of violence, sexual violence specifically rape is the most commonly inflicted among women. All sexual assaults are done out of aggression, despite of the gender and age of the victim. The primary motivation of the assailant to carry out rape is not centered towards satisfying a sexual desire or an issue of sexual deprivation from the past rather the perpetrator inflicts rape in order to express their power over somebody (Groth qtd in New York City Alliance against sexual assault, â€Å"Factsheets†). In most cases of female rape the act of violence was predominantly done by males who all come from socio-economic classes, racial or other ethnic groups. All through out the world, rape is often directed towards women because of their gender, regardless of their age, ethnicity or political affiliation (UNIFEM, â€Å"violence†). In the United States alone, it was reported that a woman is raped every two minutes. Just in 1995, the number of women who were raped or sexually assaulted reached over 354,670. The risk factors for initiating rape were accounted for early sexual experience, stereotyping which include the negative attitudes of males toward females, consumption of alcohol and the acceptance of rape myths (â€Å"American rape statistics†). In addition, during war and civil conflicts gender-based violence such as rape and sexual abuse were done in order to attack the morale of the enemy including men and women. For others gender-based violence was also conducted as â€Å"spoils of war. † (Benjamin and Murchinson 5) During the 1994 Rwandan genocide, sexual violence, especially rape was directed or encouraged by the Hutu Militia groups in order to strengthen their goal of destroying the whole Tsutsi clan. At this point in time, the violence was directed towards the Tsutsi women due to their gender and ethnicity. Furthermore, the sexuality of the Tsutsi women was also regarded by the Hutu’s, who were the genocide perpetrators, as a medium that could be used by the Tsutsi community to infiltrate the community of the Hutus. Because of this reason, the propaganda of sexually violating the Tsutsi women became prevalent in order to dehumanize and subjugate the Tsusti community as a whole. Aside from the Tsutsi women other Hutu women were also targeted for rape by their own tribesmen because they were associated with Tsutsi men who are considered as an opposition (Norwojee, â€Å"Shattered lives†). During the conflict in Bosnia-Hercegovina, Muslim women were raped and sexually abused as a part of the so-called â€Å"ethnic cleansing† for the establishment of the Greater Serbia, which is said to be ethically pure. On the basis of investigations, it was estimated that over 20,000 women became the victims of rape and sexual abuse. It was also documented that the rape was directed among the women in order to impose humiliation among the victims, their families and the community where they belong (WomenAid International, â€Å"EC investigative mission†). Much has been written about the prevalence of rape and rape reporting among females. However, it was stated earlier in the study that gender-based violence could also occur among males. In the case of rape, males are often disregarded about the issue because of the social context that males are the initiators of the sexual act, or if not they are considered as the dominating gender and that the women should be take the submissive role (Gagnon and Simon, 1973; Schneider & Gould, 1987 qtd in Duncan and William, â€Å"Gender role,† 1). Despite this traditional sexual script, male rape is also very much similar to female rape. The most common perpetrators of male rape are also males, yet on a larger scale, the involvement of female as accomplices or perpetrators were also reported. In 2002, it was documented that out of eight rape victims, one of those involves a male (RAINN, 2003 qtd in Stanford’s men against violent group, â€Å"male rape†). More often than not, male rape is one of the many violence issues that are least discussed in the society. This is because such issue is often interpreted as an extension of the life in prison and is often regarded as a part of the homosexual subculture (Kaufman et al. , 1980 qtd in Pino and Meier, 1). However, what people do not recognize is the fact that male rape survivors include not only homosexuals but also heterosexuals, teenagers, homosexuals and children. Case research even suggested that males also experience the same reactions felt by females. Alongside with the feelings of depression, anger, self-blame, guilt, sexual dysfunctions, vulnerability and emotional distancing, male rape victims also have to endure unsympathetic attitudes from people even their friends, family and acquaintances (Brochman, 1991 qtd in New York City alliance against sexual assault, â€Å"Factsheets†). Likewise, it was also reported that males are more likely to become victims of multiple aggressors, yet the assailants could inflict sustained physical trauma and male victims could be held as captives for a longer period of time compared to their female counterparts (Kaufman et al. , 1980 qtd in Pino and Meier, 1).

TItan A.E. and Lost in Space essays

TItan A.E. and Lost in Space essays The film genres that i picked was Sci-fi namely space. The two movies that i watched were Titan A.E. and Lost in Space(the movie not he TV series. The basic story of Titan A.E. by the year 3028 humans have conquered many feet's in science and other fields even the ability to make a planet. So in the year 3028 the most powerful race of alien are called the Drej which are scared of the fact the human can make a planet so they blow it up. And that is were the movie begin they evacuation of Earth. Boy named Cale, which is the main character Cale, is about 4 and playing in the woods, when if father comes to get him then Cale's father intrust Cale with a friend promising him that they well see each other again. Cale's father puts Cale on a ship while his father goes to the Titan takes off while the Drej are blowing up the Earth. Then the movie flashes forward to 15 years later were Cale and he man he was intrusted with are working where another friend of Cale's father finds him and they e scape away from those annoying Drej which are always on there tail. And the movie continues where they meet good aliens bad aliens good human and bad human in and out drifter colonies. In there quest of the Titan. My favorite part of the movie is then Cale is fly the ship that they are on called Valkyrie. I don't know just the graphics and music all fit together and just look good it is eye candy. The biggest key moment of this movie that i can think of is when they find out who on the Ship is a trader and working for the Drej. The most dramatic sence of this movie I think is then this little alien (the one in charge of navigation) is almost killed by the traders on the ship. The effectiveness of this movie ending is I believe is show that human will never give up then they are faced with horrible tragic problems. As for part two of this project I picked Lost in Space as said above. This movie is about a family "The Robinson" who on their way across...

How To Set Up Your Author Profile on Reedsy

How To Set Up Your Author Profile on Reedsy How To Set Up Your Author Profile on Reedsy In today’s competitive publishing landscape, ensuring that you have the most cohesive and effective online presence is a crucial challenge towards establishing an author brand. This is what the Reedsy profiles are for: we allow you to integrate all the information about your writing and your books in one single, customizable website. Here’s how to set it up and take full advantage of its capabilities!Seamless integrationsLet’s start with the easiest stuff. Reedsy allows you to integrate in one click with Goodreads, Twitter, Linkedin and your favourite blogging platform (WordPress, Tumblr or Blogger). That way, we just pull the relevant information to build your author profile for you!Your books, straight from AmazonNow to what matters: your books! We allow you to upload them by just copy-pasting their Amazon or Google Play URLs. Again, we’ll extract the relevant information.Customize it!Here’s where you have to do a bit of actual work. Write a nice, engaging â€Å"short summary† and â€Å"about me† that will prompt readers to â€Å"follow† you and leave their email address. Mention your reader magnet (if you have one) and share some personal stuff with your audience, so readers know the human being behind the books.Don’t forget your profile picture, if it’s not already there, and the cover image! These make your author profile truly unique and immediately recognisable to readers! The recommended specs are 400x400 for the profile picture and 900x450 for the cover image.Finally, make sure you’ve put the link to your personal website under your social media links. This way your Reedsy profile will act as the perfect SEO booster!If you have any questions about the author profiles, or want to help us make them better, leave your feedback in the comments below!

Keystone XL Pipeline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Keystone XL Pipeline - Essay Example Despite the probable environmental impact it acts as the best safe alternative for shipping oil sands crude. Apart from its probable impact on the environment, the project bears major impact on the economy thereby making it a subject to economic debaters. Major economic impacts include effect on the cash flows and job claims. An analysis on the economic and environmental impacts of the project makes it less feasible for implementation. The following are the pros and cons associated. The Keystone XL provides a safer alternative for transporting sands crude thereby making the proposers to conclude on the environmental friendliness. Even though many environmentalist have argued against the environmental friendliness of the project, the study done by the State Department shows that it is better to have the project that the environmental significance of the project are far more valuable than when it is rejected. Whether in the absence or presence of the Keystone XL, there still will be higher production of the oil sands. This implies that there would be need for a railway to transport the crude oil in case the Keystone pipeline is not built. Considering the far much impacts which could transpire because of the recent high profile crude-by-rail accidents, Keystone XL is the most suitable alternative for transporting oils sands with lesser impacts on the environment. Intuitively, there is need to build the pipeline since it assures of reducing the environmental impact s which could result from use of railway (Chang, 9). Economically, the project proves viable in increasing the cash flows of the national economy and the overall number of investors in the country. Usually, pipeline is a source of steady and stable cash flows as compare to any other means of transport. In this case, a country has to consider the volume of oil to be transported and the immediate returns from the project. For the TRP, the owners of the

The Development Information Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

The Development Information Security - Essay Example There are many well-known security standards available, for instance, ISO, NIST, and COBAT. However, most of the Security Frameworks stress more on compliance requirements and controls rather than effectiveness. Standards, procedures and practices provided to larger organization easily swamp the SMEs. Due to lack of resources, SMEs often spend minimum amount on security and scarcely utilize their resources to apply hundreds of good practices provided by security standards and frameworks. Furthermore, SMEs do not adapt to all the ISO security standards rather they define their own strategies in order to meet their specific security goals. It indicates the importance of providing SMEs a security framework that facilitates the task of identifying and applying security measures in accordance with their own needs and requirements. Therefore, we need to go back to square one and design a more suitable portfolio of solutions in order to cater a broader set of organizations and circumstances . There is no single industry security standard that provides all the answers. However, a good industry standard does provide a widely accepted and proven framework. It not only defines a particular security program in order to provide a foundation for security system but also satisfies particular needs of the organization. Such framework is derived from the development of a prioritized set of objectives and practices as suggested by literature and standards provided by ISO standards. This security framework provides steps to establish best suited Information Security Management System (ISMS) for SMEs. These ISMS are based on ISO standards which enable SMEs to see the value of security outside of technical constraints and regulatory compliance. Moreover, it helps SMEs to incorporate security  practices, controls and procedures to align business requirements with IT security requirements. Moreover, it provides support for effective use of technology, central management, adaptabilit y, flexibility, performance, interoperability and compliance on the forefront.